Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a medical condition that occurs when the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients, called the coronary arteries, become narrowed or blocked. The narrowing or blockage is usually caused by the buildup of fatty deposits and cholesterol within the artery walls, a process known as atherosclerosis. These fatty deposits form plaques, which gradually restrict blood flow to the heart muscle.

Over time, if the plaques become large enough or rupture, they can cause partial or complete blockages in the coronary arteries. This can lead to reduced blood flow to the heart, resulting in a lack of oxygen and nutrients reaching the heart muscle, a condition called myocardial ischemia. If blood flow is severely restricted or completely blocked, it can lead to a heart attack (myocardial infarction), causing damage to the heart muscle.

Coronary artery disease is a progressive condition that can develop over many years, and it is one of the most common forms of heart disease. Several factors contribute to its development, including:

The symptoms of coronary artery disease can vary and may include chest pain or discomfort (angina), shortness of breath, fatigue, and other signs of heart disease. In some cases, CAD may be asymptomatic until a heart attack occurs.

Treatment for coronary artery disease aims to relieve symptoms, improve blood flow, and reduce the risk of complications such as heart attacks. Lifestyle changes, such as adopting a heart-healthy diet, regular exercise, and smoking cessation, are essential components of CAD management. Medications may be prescribed to manage risk factors like high cholesterol and blood pressure. In more severe cases, procedures like angioplasty (with or without stent placement) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery may be recommended to restore blood flow to the heart. Early detection and effective management of CAD are crucial to reduce the risk of heart attacks and improve overall heart health.